The Liberal Tories were liberal under Robert Peel as they introduced reforms that benefitted the working class. Liberals believed in individualism and the right to be free to do as you wish until the freedom begins to affect others. These acts of freedom were known as ‘Inalienable rights’ which meant they could not be taken away from the people. In addition, John Stuart Mills, a liberal, believed that everyone should be given equal rights, campaigning for the working class including women to be given the right to vote.

During the period, 1822-29 the Liberal Tories introduced a number of reforms. The party and in particular William Huskisson, believed in free trade between countries, which in turn would benefit the poverty stricken working class. This involved relaxing the Navigation Acts in 1822, which had previously prevented foreign ships transporting between Britain and the British Empire. These benefitted the working class and were therefore a liberal reform. In the years 1824 and 1825, William Huskisson reduced significantly the price of duties on necessary everyday items for the working class, for example on silk, cotton and linen. In total, the duties fell to 20%, which extensively benefitted the working class, who since the introduction of the Corn Laws in 1815, had suffered hugely and ended in deeper poverty.

In addition, Peel introduced the Reform of the Penal Code, which meant the death penalty was removed for the majority of crimes, which had previously been a hanging offence. This reform resulted in a more humane system of punishment and appropriate punishment was handed out instead. This was a liberal reform, as until that time, people were being harshly punished for ridiculous crimes. Furthermore the introduction of the Metropolitan Police in 1829, bought safer streets and a feeling of proper control, instead of volunteer yeomanry and magistrates.

After the death of Lord Liverpool in 1828, the Tory party split with some entering The Ultras, who wanted no further reforms, while others remained as Liberal Tories. Although the party were faced with turmoil, in 1828, the party managed to pass a modification of the Corn Laws. This helped the working class by slightly reducing the price of duties on imported corn. Although this was possibly the least liberal of all the reforms, it was heading in the right direction. Moreover, in 1828, Protestants that were not Church of England were allowed to take up their seats in Parliament. In addition in 1829, after a fierce battle by Daniel O’Connell, an Catholic MP who had won a seat for his constituency in County Clare, Ireland, was finally granted the right to take up his seat, despite his faith. This was known as the Catholic Emancipation. This was a liberal reform because it allowed a mix of faiths to join together in Parliament and work together for the first time.

One of the liberals key beliefs was individualism, which Is where people should be free to develop their talents and happiness, and also have several ‘inalienable rights’ which they believe the state should protect such as freedom to worship and equality before the law. Liberals believed that these rights could not be taken away from individuals. The years 1822-29 saw the Liberal Tories introducing a number of reforms, such as free trade, penal code reform and changing of the Combination Acts.  chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />

1822 saw Huskisson, the President of Board of Trade, believe in free trade. This is where goods are traded between countries without any duties or taxes being charged, thus leading to more trade and greater prosperity. An example of a free trade reform introduced by the Liberal Tories was the relaxation of the Navigation Acts 1822, which had previously prevented foreign ships transported between chemas-microsoft-comfficemarttags" />ountry-region wt="on">Britainountry-region> and the t="on">British Empire. This, along with other free trade reforms, benefitted those people, namely the working class, thus making it a liberal reform. Another liberal reform from this period was the reduction of duties from 1824-25, where the duties on goods such as rum, silk, wool, cotton and linen were reduced. Over this period, duties on all other goods fell from 50% to 20%, which although it was not a completely liberal act as there were still duties on goods, the reform benefitted the working class as they were able to afford to buy these goods.

Alongside this, Robert Peel, the Home Secretary introduced the Reform of the Penal Code from 1824-26, which saw the abolition of the death penalty for the majority of crimes and hundreds of capital offenses removed. This particular reform was liberal in the way that it resulted in a more humane system of punishment as people were not being inappropriately punished. In 1823, Peel also introduced the Gaols Act, where prisons became more humane in the way that they were no longer filthy and unregulated. Overall, Peel was responsible for making the English law both more efficient and humane, thus his reforms were liberal.

Since 1799, Trade Unions had been illegal but the Liberal Tory government, since they were trying to improve the economy, felt that these Combinations Acts were actually causing harm to the economy.

The liberal Tories were liberal between 1822 – 1829 and made many reforms to benefit the working class. Liberals believed managed by Robert Peel, in individualism. This was the centre of liberals thinking, they believed people should be free to expand their talents and excel in their own happiness. Individuals are said to have several ‘Inalienable rights’ which they have a right to be protected, e.g. have freedom of worship, conscience, speech, right to hold property and equality before the law etc. John Stuart Mill said you should have the right to complete freedom until it starts harming others.

During the period of, 1822-29 the Liberal Tories introduced many reforms. A man in particular William Huskisson, believed in free trade between countries, which in turn would benefit the poverty suffering working class. This also involved the ‘Navigation Acts’ in 1822, this prevented foreign ships from transporting between ountry-region wt="on">Britainountry-region> and the t="on">British Empire, this benefitted the working class and was a liberal reform. The Tories also introduced the ‘Gaols Act’ in 1823 this helped improve the conditions for people in prison; the Gaols were frequently inspected to check the conditions were up to standard.

In addictions Peel introduced the ‘Penal Code’ this meant that the death penalty was removed for a majority of crimes, which were before a hanging offence. This resulted in a more humane approach to the system of punishment. This was a very liberal reform as before people were punished so harshly for ridiculous crimes. Moreover the introduction of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 made the streets safer and brought a better feeling of control, rather than volunteering of the yeomanry and magistrates.

C

www. good K and U of some of the key reforms with some sound K& U of what constitutes liberalism. You have also made a good attempt at answering the question ' yes they were liberal because...'

ebi you could easily push this up a couple of grades by developing the  argument. For instance you say that liberals believe in free trade and that Huskisson introduced free trade reforms so was therefore a liberal... fair enough.. however  if you think about this a bit more closely H's reforms only reduced tariffs rather than getting rid of them so were only a step away from protectionism towards liberalism - the Lib Tories therefore only partially liberal or maybe motivated by something other than liberalism. It is when you get into really discussing these sorts of points that you start hitting the really high grades

How liberal were the liberal Tory reforms 1822-29?

The liberal Tories where pretty liberal in the time they where in power as they introduced  reforms they brought in benefitted the working class and went against the laws which where brought in from 1815–22 with the old parliament. The Liberal Tories where led by Lord Liverpool until his death in 1827 when they where led by George Canning.

The liberal Tories brought in a number of reforms but the most influential and Liberal reform in my opinion is free trade, this meant that imported goods wouldn’t have duties on and so relieved many people as it meant cheaper produce could come in. Huskisson was president of the board of trade and believed in free trade and it was on his behalf that these reforms where brought in to make free trade. With free trade having fewer duties on as well it meant that everyone benefitted from it as the poor could afford items etc and so riots and protesting. Free trade was actually a mix of four acts introduced from 1822- 25 which in order meant that ships could trade between Britain, its Empire and other countries; that if a country lowered duties Britain would do likewise;  duties on rum etc where lowered and finally duties fell from 50% to 20%. This was very liberal as it meant that goods came in cheaper and so the price of those goods would fall in ountry-region wt="on">t="on">Britainountry-region> which meant the cost of living fell and really helped the working class.

Another Liberal reform was the reform of the Penal Code, this was introduced from 1824- 26 and meant that the death penalties for most crimes (over 200 with capital punishment) had over 100 taken away which brought a more humane system in. Most death penalties where replaced by more humane punishments such as imprisonment.  The government also brought in the Gaols act of 1823 which meant that Gaolers where to be paid by the government and the whole prison system was to be revamped so they where not filthy and inhumane anymore. Prisons where also to be inspected and education given to prisoners, this made the system much more civilized. This was liberal as it meant that more humane punishments and a prison system was brought in which really relieved the stress of people going to prison as they didn’t fear dying there now.

After the death of Lord Liverpool, George Canning took over but died, then Goderich took over but resigned until in 1828 the Duke of Wellington took over and split the cabinet in half with the Liberal Tories and the Ultra Tories. With the cabinet split in half liberal reforms where still brought in with in 1828 the Corn Laws being reduced. This really helped the economy as it meant that the poor could afford to eat. refer to title - was this liberal?

In 1828 and 1829 two laws where brought in which allowed Catholics and non C of E Protestants to become MPs. The two laws where Repeal of Test and Corporations act (1828) and the Catholic Relief act (1829). This was a liberal reform as it meant that a wider range of people could become MPs and also meant that a mix of different faiths could work together in parliament. refer to title - was this liberal?

Robert Peel introduced the first police force in t="on">ountry-region wt="on">Britainountry-region> in 1829. Before this the law was enforced by the local yeomanry which tended to attack people if they where in the wrong as really they didn’t know better. The police system was a great addition to Britain as it meant people where being caught for their crimes and punished accordingly, this was liberal as it meant that crime dropped and so Britain was actually safer. refer to title - was this liberal?

C/D www. excellent K & U of many of the key reforms related to and measured against a sound understanding of liberal principles

ebi - you start to build up evidence to back up your opinion - a good way of doing this is by referring to the title as you finish each paragraph then summarise in your conclusion what you have attempted to prove. You could also improve this by thinking of some alternative reasons why the 'liberal' tories passed the reforms that they did e.g. Peel may have been motivated by a practical desire to make the law more coherent rather than by liberal principles. Wellington when he introduced Catholic emancipation may have been motivated by ther desire to end the unrest in Ireland rather than by liberalism

Conclusion to be uploaded in due time

In my opinion I think that, the Liberal Tories between 1822-1829 were very Liberal due to all the reforms that they made. Liberalism is the core of the liberals’ way of thinking. They wanted to help the rest of the population by introducing free trade between countries, the freedom to be an individual and have your own beliefs and the right to free speech.

Robert Peel, who was the home sectary for the Liberal Tories during this period, introduced many reforms which massively helped the working class. This included the jails (gaols) act in 1823. This provided a safer and more humane for place for people living in jails and it also made sure that they were frequently inspected and that the inmates were given an education.

Other reforms that made the Tories more liberal were the changes in the prices on all duties. Originally the prices of everyday products were put up considerably making it hard for the working class to provide things for their families. However, they reformed this problem, by reducing the prices. Once this happened some products were just 20% of the original cost which majorly helped the people.

Another liberal act made by William Huskisson, who was the president of the board of trade, believed in free trade between countries as he thought it would increase ountry-region wt="on">t="on">Britainountry-region>’s prosperity and it economy.

The Liberal Tories were very liberal as they changed many things about the country that really helped every one, and after the last cabinet that had been in power, the reforms that happened were needed to help the country survive.

The Liberal Tories were quite liberal when they were in power (1822 – 1829). They brought in new laws which benefitted the people and were a pleasant change from those introduced by Lord Liverpool’s Torie government (1815 – 1822) Lord Liverpool was the leader of The Liberal Tories until his death in 1827, leaving George Canning to take over. Under adapted governing, Britain began to see significant change. Radical protests started to decrease as the people were beginning to be happier with the way their country was being run.

Robert Peel was an influential member of the Torie party. Peel was responsible for a number of reforms such as that of the penal code (1824) which saw the incredibly high number of crimes punishable by death drop rapidly. He believed in efficiency and order: Peel is also credited with the induction of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 – an idea which has developed throughout history and is still used today. Before Peel’s Police, the law was upheld by a group known collectively as the yeomanry. The yeomanry were local men with swords who were aiming to protect what was theirs. They were present during the infamous Peterloo Massacre of 1819 in which 11 people died at their hand, and over 400 people were injured. The introduction of the Police Force meant the often vicious yeomanry were no longer needed and that crime was to be dealt with more accordingly – this, combined with the reform of the penal code was a liberal move as it meant people were no longer being mercilessly executed; it meant they had some chance to fight for their rights and were also being punished in a more suitable fashion.

Free Trade being brought in was another liberal action. This meant that there were no longer high duties on imported food which was a relief to the poorer members of the society.

D

Www. A good start. You cover peels reforms well and make a good effort as evaluating them

The Liberal Tories were quite liberal when they were in power (1822 – 1829). They brought in new laws which benefitted the people and were a pleasant change from those introduced by Lord Liverpool’s Tory government (1815 – 1822) Lord Liverpool was the leader of The Liberal Tories until his death in 1827, leaving George Canning to take over. Under adapted governing, Britain began to see significant change. Radical protests started to decrease as the people were beginning to be happier with the way their country was being run.

Robert Peel was an influential member of the Tory party. Peel was responsible for a number of reforms such as that of the penal code (1824) which saw the incredibly high number of crimes punishable by death drop rapidly. He believed in efficiency and order: Peel is also credited with the induction of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 – an idea which has developed throughout history and is still used today. Before Peel’s Police, the law was upheld by a group known collectively as the yeomanry. The yeomanry were local men with swords who were aiming to protect what was theirs. They were present during the infamous Peterloo Massacre of 1819 in which 11 people died at their hand, and over 400 people were injured. The introduction of the Police Force meant the often vicious yeomanry were no longer needed and that crime was to be dealt with more accordingly – this, combined with the reform of the penal code was a liberal move as it meant people were no longer being mercilessly executed; it meant they had some chance to fight for their rights and were also being punished in a more suitable fashion.

The Tory party were very interested in free trade – especially William Huskisson (the president of the board of trade) – Free Trade being brought in was another liberal action. This meant that there were no longer high duties on imported food which was a relief to the poorer members of the society. The belief that goods should be traded between countries with no tax or duties – leading to a much more prosperous future was reformed by Huskisson and was a liberal act.

The Liberal Tories can also be credited for the Gaols acts of 1823 which saw the condition of prisons increase drastically. Formerly, they were a disgrace with the inmates being allowed to do as they wished whilst they were kept in filthy conditions. There was no real order and the gaols were awful. The Gaols act led to the improvement of this and was a liberal choice as it was of benefit to those kept there.  

Furthermore, the Tories were also responsible for the induction of catholic emancipation in 1829. This meant that the Roman Catholics were granted the same rights as everyone else. They were now able to run for a place in the government, or become a judge etc. Lord Liverpool was opposed to giving them equal rights formerly as he was a strict member of the Church of England. However, when O’Connell was voted into government but was unable to take his place to him being Roman Catholic, Wellington decided to pass catholic emancipation as he feared a revolt from the Irish. Therefore, Roman Catholics being giving equal rights can be seen as both a liberal and non-liberal move.

William Huskission also allowed free trade into Britain and the tories also made the reciprocation acts which meant if another country wouldn’t tax British goods Britain wouldn’t tax that country in return this led to an economic prosperity. The liberal tories trade with newly independent countries such as South America which just became independent from Spanish rule.

Robert peel also introduced the gaol (jails) act which led to prisons being cleaner and more humane this also led to the formation of separate prisons for men and women.

In conclusion the liberal tories were very liberal this is supported by their support of human rights, free trade and their freedom of religion and the acts they released for these points

D

Www the evaluation is good.. You make some strong and persuasive points about liberalism and the liberal Tories

Ebi you don't reveal enough detailed k and u and the reforms themselves to secure the higher grades

How liberal were the liberal Tory reforms 1822-29.

The liberal tories were liberal in the years 1822-29, they made lots of reforms that were beneficial to the working class people, and gave them better standard of living and working conditions. The liberals believed in the right of individualism and didn’t want the freedom to affect people in Britain.

The first liberal reform was the trade between countries and this means no taxes on foods had to be paid. This idea came from William Husskisson, who was the president of board of trade. William Husskisson believed in free trade, he said that free traders should be traded between countries without any taxes being charged. This helped the working class people because it didn’t make them pay for higher taxes and also led greater prosperity to everyone during that period. In 1823, Husskisson encouraged parliament to pass the reprocity of goods acts, so this meant if a foreign country reduced the duty or tax for British goods entering their country, then Britain would do the same, (in other words they would reciprocate). So this act was very liberal and very beneficial to the working class people because they wouldn’t have to pay for tax on their everyday items. 

In addition, Robert peel introduced the penal code. The penal code in England was made up of hundreds of different laws which stated what sentences should be administered for which offence you have occurred. Some of the laws that were set up weren’t even effective and completely irrelevant; and there were very harsh. For instance, Death penalty abolished for the majority of crimes (previously you could be executed for a range of bizarre crimes, such as impersonating a Chelsea Pensioner, pick pocketing or damaging Westminster Bridge. Thisi was a liberal reform because peel set out to change this, he wanted to make the laws more relevant and effective, and got rid of all the old laws and shortened the whole penal code. He also introduced the metropolitan police, which was more safe and the first proper police for in UK.

C+

Www very good technique . You address the question straight away and argue quite persuasively

The liberal Tories were quite liberal for the time in which they were in government. They brought in different reforms which were put in place for a mutual reason which was to improve the working conditions and to help the people by contradicting the laws which were put in place by the old government (1815-1822).  The leader of the Liberal Tories was Lord Liverpool, however, after his death in 1827 they were then lead by George Canning.

The liberal Tories were quite liberal due to them introducing catholic emancipation. Catholic emancipation was where the liberal Tories abolished the restrictions of the Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the penal code. Due to the abolishment of restrictions it meant a little peace for the Roman Catholics as they weren’t so restricted and it gave them a little unity with the other people.

Trade union also had an input to the liberal Tories being quite liberal as it meant that the working class were allowed to have meetings and they had people representing them and standing up for the right in which they felt the working class should have. Meetings being allowed were an improvement due to them being banned by the old government, as the old government felt at threat when meetings took place as they were worried it would break out in protest. Therefore allowing meeting to take place benefited the people and helped bring peace due to them being able to discuss the problem which they felt were causing issues and have their say about their working conditions.

The forming of the police (1829) shows how the liberal Tories are quite liberal. The police force made order for the people and it meant that people were controlled in a better manor. Before the setting up of the police, the people were controlled by the yeomanry, who had a tendency to fight with the people who didn’t bring any order to the situations. However, the forming of the police meant that situations were dealt with in a more orderly fashion, and it was less likely for the police to attack the people like the yeomanry did in the peterloo massacre.

C

Www you make some good points and sustain the idea that they were liberal quite well

How liberal were the liberal Tory reforms 1822-29 chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />

You could say the liberal Tories were quite liberal but that’s not necessarily true they were fairly liberal . The liberal Tories were about individualism they believe you had a right to free and do how you pleased but they believed your freedom could only be up to a certain extent you could only be free until it started to affect others. The liberal Tories and the reforms that they made were considered to be benefitting the working class because they no longer had to pay for the taxes on the food as that law had be abolished .// Whigs introduced a bill for parliamentary reform in 1822 and unfortunately there was no support from the government and the bill failed . Another issue that made the liberal Tories fairly liberal was the word Religion . Roman Catholics were allowed to vote but they weren’t allowed to be MP’s or hold public office .// This is where lord Liverpool links in he was the prime minister at this time . He knew that the king and the members of the tory party didn’t want change so he decided that the cabinet should ignore this issue this is where they contradicted themselves they believe in freedom being able to do what you wanted as long as you didn’t affect anyone’s freedom . Roman Catholics should be able to run for MP’S as they are doing what they want and not affecting anyone.

However during 1822- 29 the liberal Tories introduced plenty of reforms. One reform was the free trade. William Huskisson and Fredrick Robinson believed that Britain's trade was hampered by old and outdated regulations. An example was the Navigation Acts.Huskisson believed in free trade. In this Huskisson and Robinson were influenced by merchants and industrialists (the new middle class) who thought tariffs, duties and taxes on goods encouraged other countries to raise tariffs. In 1823 Huskisson persuaded parliament to pass the Reciprocity (exchanging goods) of Goods Act. This allowed the British Government to make agreements with other countries whereby Britain would get rid of such restrictions on trade with a particular country if the other country agreed to do the same.  Robinson and William eased the tax burden on the poor by cancelling various taxes put on essential commodities including coal, wool, and rum. This benefited the poor working classes both in the sense of living and working conditions.  William had the brains about free trade and Robinson had the power so they combined their skills together and the outcome was good because it benefitted the working class there for this is a liberal reform . This allowed Britain to prosper after all they did call Robinson prosperity Robison. In addition the duties on all over goods fell from 50% to 20% which effectively benefitted the working class as they were in poverty when the corn laws were introduced because of the taxes of the necessities.

How liberal were the liberal tory reforms 1822-1829?           Rachel Balogun

How liberal were the liberal Tory reforms 1822-29

You could say the liberal Tories were quite liberal but that’s not necessarily true they were fairly liberal . The liberal Tories were about individualism they believe you had a right to free and do how you pleased but they believed your freedom could only be up to a certain extent you could only be free until it started to affect others. The liberal Tories and the reforms that they made were considered to be benefitting the working class because they no longer had to pay for the taxes on the food as that law had be abolished . Whigs introduced a bill for parliamentary reform in 1822 and unfortunately there was no support from the government and the bill failed . Another issue that made the liberal Tories fairly liberal was the word Religion . Roman Catholics were allowed to vote but they weren’t allowed to be MP’s or hold public office . This is where lord Liverpool links in he was the prime minister at this time . He knew that the king and the members of the tory party didn’t want change so he decided that the cabinet should ignore this issue this is where they contradicted themselves they believe in freedom being able to do what you wanted as long as you didn’t affect anyone’s freedom . Roman Catholics should be able to run for MP’S as they are doing what they want and not affecting anyone.

However during 1822- 29 the liberal Tories introduced plenty of reforms. One reform was the free trade. William Huskisson and Fredrick Robinson believed that Britain's trade was hampered by old and outdated regulations. An example was the Navigation Acts.Huskisson believed in free trade. In this Huskisson and Robinson were influenced by merchants and industrialists (the new middle class) who thought tariffs, duties and taxes on goods encouraged other countries to raise tariffs. In 1823 Huskisson persuaded parliament to pass the Reciprocity (exchanging goods) of Goods Act. This allowed the British Government to make agreements with other countries whereby Britain would get rid of such restrictions on trade with a particular country if the other country agreed to do the same. Robinson and William eased the tax burden on the poor by cancelling various taxes put on essential commodities including coal, wool, and rum. This benefited the poor working classes both in the sense of living and working conditions. William had the brains about free trade and Robinson had the power so they combined their skills together and the outcome was good because it benefitted the working class there for this is a liberal reform . This allowed Britain to prosper after all they did call Robinson prosperity Robison. In addition the duties on all over goods fell from 50% to 20% which effectively benefitted the working class as they were in poverty when the corn laws were introduced because of the taxes of the necessities.

Furthermore because the habeas corpus was banned and the yeomanry where put in charge of dealing with people who misbehaved e.g. people who started protests Robert peel introduced the metropolitan police . He had gotten parliaments permission for this as well as coming up with the reform of the penal code which was made up of a number of different laws . This allowed less people being hanged and more people being sent to a concentration camps in Australia where they had to work hard.// From before the 1800’s the punishment for crime was death which a lot of people feared . Most things were punishable by death this was what had the power in making people afraid over the small offences they had committed. There was no justifying it if you was given a death penalty you was going to die but with the reform of the penal code and the goals act which came into power in 1823 . The goals act meant that instead of giving people death penalties they were sent to jail which meant there was now suitable punishment when offences were committed  . This shows some reform in the way crime and punishment was handled . The goals act meant that jail conditions were improved because they were given basic education even though they were in jail for committing an offence this showed how liberal the liberal Tories were . Not only did it change the perception of the way punishment was handled in Britain but some of the changes that were made back then are still around e.g. they still offer education in jails .This allowed people to see how liberal the liberal Tories were compared to the pervious cabinet because it favored the working class it put most people out of their misery that had been suppressed . As well as the Corn Laws adjustment it showed how the government could be liberal but it doesn’t show they had entirely become liberal because they didn’t make it so it was suitable for everyone mostly the working class.

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12T

History practice assessment

How liberal were the liberal Tories (1822-1929)?

To start with, the liberal Tories were only quite liberal due to reasons associating with the distinction between whether or not the reforms were in fact liberal or efficient. In addition, Lord Liverpool, still prime minister at the time of liberal reforms, rebuilt his cabinet by finding new people to fill in important positions within the government. Unlike the years 1815-1822, Lord Liverpool took a different approach to how the government was to be run and how situations would be dealt with. Lord Liverpool’s finding of the following people made a momentum difference to how society was handled and improved the liberality of Britain: George Canning (of who assisted Lord Liverpool with the need of change and introduction of liberal reforms), William Huskisson, Frederick ‘prosperity’ Robinson and Robert peel.

Firstly, George Canning was foreign secretary of the cabinet and made an effective contribution to the recovery of the economy. He did this by achieving access into profitable markets located in South America in such countries like Buenos Aires, Mexico and Colombia. By recognising these three independent states, Canning was able to gain a trading advantage with them of which entitled the growth of economic prosperity in Britain to rise and increase the wealth of both the working classes and aristocracy societies. George canning was successful within this decision and recovery of the economy upon various other solutions he found to specific problems. For instance, due to his secured position of foreign secretary, canning was able to implement new reforms and ideas associated with other countries of which not only benefited him and his life, but also benefitted the lower, middle and upper classes. //At one point between 1822 and 1829, canning supported and assisted in the campaign of the abolition of slavery.  This accentuates his liberality as stopping slavery just goes to show how selfless his ideas and decisions were. By abolishing slavery, it gave those who were once slaves the freedom to become who they want to be and start working proper jobs rather than suffering at the feet of those who over-ruled them as individuals. Not only did his support in the campaign support the slaves themselves, but it also surprisingly supported the upper classes and aristocrats. This is because in the 1800s taxes were put on slaves of whom the upper classes had to try and keep up with and pay in order to keep the slaves. By abolishing slavery, the rich sectors of society were able to save money and use it for other purposes. To summarise the case of George Canning and his reforms, he was very successful. The reason behind this judgment is that he was an individual by which means his ideas were his own; they were original. Just this conclusion is enough to show that he was in fact a liberal tory and did not just make economic enhancing reforms or ideas simply for efficiency. Moreover, his actions were liberal as they aided in the start of great economic prosperity of which greatly benefited the economy by increasing the wealth of Britain. An example of enhanced economic prosperity would be a man named Frederick Robinson.

To start with, Frederick Robinson, also known as Frederick ‘prosperity ‘Robinson or ‘Goody’ increased the economies prosperity as hinted at within his nickname. Frederick Robinson entered the cabinet as the President of The Board of Trade. He was also made Chancellor of the Exchequer in which is the term given to a royal or national treasury of which were responsible for the funds of the British government. The main contributions Robinson made to the increase the prosperity of Britain was the introduction of four main reforms all associated with the reduction of taxes put onto a variety of much needed necessities  essential to a standard life in Britain. His first reform was conducted in 1823 whereby Robinson reduced or even repealed the taxes put on carriages and servants. However, one may argue that a disadvantage of this reform was that it mainly was to an advantage towards the richest of people as they were the classes who were accessible to the pleasure of affording patients. The second reform was conducted in 1824 of which Robinson eased the tax burden on the poor by cancelling various taxes put on essential commodities including coal, wool, and rum. This benefited the poor working classes both in the sense of living and working conditions. His third reform conducted in 1825 improved the lives of working classes. This is because he cancelled the house and window taxes that were put on the smaller houses. By doing this, Robinson increased the likelihood of those living in smaller houses to be able to afford them and remain living there, lowering their chances of living on the harsh streets, in poverty due to not being able to pay their taxes.

How liberal were the Liberal Tories?chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />

To begin with, The Liberal Tories were relatively liberal; the Tories were during 1822-29 and were introduced by the prime minister of Britain, Lord Liverpool. Before the Liberal Tories the government was disliked so he thought that there should be a change in Britain so he decided to change his government by presenting a new cabinet containing the following head aristocrats; Robert Peel, William Huskinsson, Fredrick Robinson and George Canning. Individually these people helped Lord Liverpool develop the government and tried to make it even more liberal. The Tory party was a major factor in preventing the spread of revolution

Firstly, Robert Peel was announced into the cabinet in 1822 as he wanted to introduce reforms that would benefit theX working class (not really). Liberals believed in individualism and the right to be free to do as you pleased until the freedom began to affect others. These acts of freedom were known as ‘Inalienable rights’ which meant that it could not have been taken away by the people. Peel is perhaps best remembered for the establishment of the Metropolitan Police Force for London; this meant that crime in Britain reduced. The creation of the police was to patrol the capital and later on apply to the rest of the county. The ‘Bobbies’ or ‘Peelers’ as they were known attempted to control the crime in Britain. Before Peel and the Metropolitan Police, people would volunteer for the job, even though they weren’t full police officers, this was known as the yeomanry. Also, Peel introduced the reform of the Penal code which meant that the death penalty was abolished for over 180 offences. This meant that the Liberal Tories was rather liberal as they were successful in understanding the rights of people.

Charlotte Hunt 12T
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How Liberal were the Liberal Tories?

The Liberal Tories were quite Liberal during the 1822 – 1829 periods as they had made many reforms in Liverpool’s Government, and he had to remain Prime Minister until 1827. He had a lot of younger men introduced into the cabinet which allowed them to put forward new ideas into the Government.

There a 4 man Tories during the time of Liverpool’s Government: George Canning Foreign Secretary, Robert Peel Home Secretary, William Huskinsson Board of Trade and Frederick Robinson Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Firstly, Robert peel introduced the Metropolitan Police in 1829 which gave order to the streets of Britain by doing this, this eliminated volunteers for the Yeomanry and Magistrates. In addition Peel had reformed the Penal Code which meant that the hundreds of laws that had been created for ridiculous crimes had been narrowed down to just 8. By doing this Liberal act resulted in people not being harshly punished for the crimes that they had committed. By doing these Liberal acts, Peel was made Prime Minister later on. Twice.

In addition to the Liberal acts that were being made by the Tories, William Huskinsson believed in free trade, and in 1824 and 1825 Huskinsson has made a significant drop in the price of duties which benefitted everyone, especially the working class as they were in poverty and duties were being put on everyday items such as: Silk and cotton. By doing this the duties had dropped by a staggering 20%.

George Canning who was the Foreign Secretary in Liverpool’s Government was in charge of keeping the peace between the countries and he was also allowed to assist in the economic recovery by achieving access to the profitable markets of South Africa. Canning also made Britain one of the first to recognise the independent states: Buenos Aries, Columbia and Mexico which then resulted in them gaining a trading advantage with them.

How Liberal were the Liberal Tories?

The Liberal Tories were quite Liberal during the 1822 – 1829 periods as they had made many reforms in Liverpool’s Government, and he had to remain Prime Minister until 1827. He had a lot of younger men introduced into the cabinet which allowed them to put forward new ideas into the Government.

There a 4 man Tories during the time of Liverpool’s Government: George Canning Foreign Secretary, Robert Peel Home Secretary, William Huskinsson Board of Trade and Frederick Robinson Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Firstly, Robert peel introduced the Metropolitan Police in 1829 which gave order to the streets of Britain by doing this, this eliminated volunteers for the Yeomanry and Magistrates. In addition Peel had reformed the Penal Code which meant that the hundreds of laws that had been created for ridiculous crimes had been narrowed down to just 8. By doing this Liberal act resulted in people not being harshly punished for the crimes that they had committed. These Liberal acts soon made Peel Prime Minister, later on. Twice.

In addition to the Liberal acts that were being made by the Tories, William Huskinsson believed in free trade, and in 1824 and 1825 Huskinsson has made a significant drop in the price of duties which benefitted everyone, especially the working class as they were in poverty and duties were being put on everyday items such as: Silk and cotton. By doing this the duties had dropped by a staggering 20%.

George Canning who was the Foreign Secretary in Liverpool’s Government was in charge of keeping the peace between the countries and he was also allowed to assist in the economic recovery by achieving access to the profitable markets of South Africa. Canning also made Britain one of the first to recognise the independent states: Buenos Aries, Columbia and Mexico which then resulted in them gaining a trading advantage with them.

Later on, a man called Daniel O’Connell who was a Catholic MP from Ireland he was granted a seat into Parliament as the Government didn’t want the Irish to start up a revolt which could turn into more riots and would cause discontent towards the public. To avoid this they passed an act in 1829 called the Catholic Emancipation which gave the Roman Catholics the same rights to everyone else, and could mix with other cultures and work together. Although the Government did not want to do this they were practically forced into it.

In 1825 the Trade Unions were made legal, by Francis Place, so the working class could come together and have meetings on how they can improve the conditions that they work in. However, they had limitations to what they were allowed to do. For instance they were not allowed to protest or cause havoc about their conditions they were only able to have meetings. However making Trade Unions legal was not an act of the Tories; it was made by a man known as Francis Place an ‘Independent MP’ and his idea was then passed by the Government.

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The Liberal Tories where seen as quite liberal. In 1822 Lord Liverpool constructed his cabinet, introducing new young men who were open to new ideas in reform, whereas the old Tories had repressed each protest and had not taken the discontent of the working class into account. The start of the liberal reform came after George Canning had replaced Castlereagh in the department of foreign sectary; Canning recognised a need for limited reform and was supported by Liverpool and the rest of his cabinet. By creating these reforms the idea was to improve society and the discontent of the working class as they were scared at what the protests would lead to next, especially after the French Revolution had bought spectacle views to the British public, giving the idea the reform was made in protection of the Tories and not because they wanted to be more equal with the working class.

Lord Liverpool had selected new authorities who made great contribution to the Liberal Tories becoming more in favour of freedom and equality. One of these men of authority was Robert Peel, who became home secretary in 1822. However, Robert Peel could be questioned as to how liberal he was, Peel introduced the Metropolitan police which meant that there was now a formed organised police force under regulations –  as Harbeus Corpus was taken out of suspension – meaning the yeomanry (volunteers), who where employed by the government to arrest and kill in radical positions, where taken over by an orginised police force where a criminal act was now investigated and not just accused and imprisoned with no rights of speach. With the Metro Police force new laws where enlisted, being less harsh on what law would lead to execution however many more laws stated you were deported to Australia which was used as the British ‘dumping ground’ for their problems which they did not want to deal with. This idea shows the Liberal Tories to be not as liberal as they come across, these ‘criminals’ could have been imprisoned instead of with no choice deported. On the other hand, Peel also introduced the Gail Act which delivered inspections into prisons, segregation between men and women and the Guards became funded by the government instead of the prisoners having to pay in order to be treated with human respect, this reform made life for prisoners more humane.  evaluate here

William Huskinson became president as board of trade in 1823. Huskinson brought the idea of free trade into practice by making reductions on tax on trade goods; the idea of trading without duties and taxes was to reduce the level of tax on foods, which became great help to the working class as the cost of living also reduced. When trading was cheaper, Britain had hoped more countries would trade with them, meaning more products, higher profits and broadening businesses. The Free trade had then benefited both the high and low social class in great ways, broadening businesses would reduce unemployment as people would need more workers, as unemployment was a great cause of anger this reduced the discontent of the working class meaning less protests would occur showing the liberal Tories to be successful in this choice. If the working man became less discontent then surely the Liberal Tories where being highly liberal to create this change, however, some could argue that the idea of free trade could have been to raise the profits for the aristocrats and it was a coincidence that the working class had benefited from this reform.

Francis Place was an independent MP who also contributed into the social reform; he gave the idea of legalising trade unions to the government who then passed this law. Trade unions are organisations of workers who unite together in order to achieve common goals, such as, higher pay, health and safety etc. This had became legal in 1825 after being illegal since 1799, the trade unions, although seen as a good contribution, was limited by the government that meetings is as far as the unions could go, being able to speak out through stike or protest continued to stay illegal. This shows the Liberal Tories have only small contribution into being liberal as firstly it was not their idea and became limited, however they did pass the law, giving consideration to working class.

The Liberal Tories were quite liberal in the years 1822-1829 when they were in power. They did many things which benefitted the working class and made many reforms such as the reform of the penal code and free trade. Lord Liverpool led the Liberal Tories until he died in 1827, then they were taken over by George Canning. chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />

Robert Peel was responsible for a few of the reforms in the years 1822-1829, one of which was the Penal Code. He became home secretary in 1822 and died in 1850. Peel is known for the set up of the metropolitan police – the first ever police force formed. The metropolitan police are still a force used now and was a good way to reduce crime. Before the metropolitan police force, there was the yeomanry, which was a group of men aiming to protect their areas. The yeomanry are known for the Peterloo Massacre where they injured over 400 people and killed 11. The reform of the Penal Code was an important reform and was a very Liberal thing to do, as the laws already in action were very old and some were completely inappropriate, which meant that the system became less effective – there were over 200 crimes with a death penalty. Peel got rid of many laws and made the penal code a lot simpler: he reduced what had been hundreds of laws to just 8. Peel cut down the amount of offences for which you could be hanged - for many of those offences the penalty would be transportation to chemas-microsoft-comfficemarttags" />ountry-region wt="on">Australiaountry-region>: By the late 1820’s, over 5, 000 convicts a year were being transported to ountry-region wt="on">t="on">Australiaountry-region>. The option of transportation was more humane and also pretty permanent – yet, Peel was not a great humanitarian. If anything, Peel wanted the law to be stricter - have more punishment enforced and get more people convicted. The reform of the penal code and the founding of the metropolitan police was a very liberal thing to do, because before these, the punishment for crimes were ridiculous and just resulted in hangings. The Penal code changed this and made the punishments more rational and fair to the criminals and gave them rights when they had been arrested. In 1823 the Jails (Gaoles) act was also introduced. This meant that there would now be separate prisons for men and for women and that prisoners would be able to have some education. Prisons were to be inspected and be clean, good conditions for the prisoners. Before this act, prisons were unregulated, filthy and inhumane places.

How liberal were the liberal tory reforms 1822-1829?chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />

The Liberal Tories were quite liberal. There was 4 members which contributed to the construction of the Liberal Tories and these were Robert Peel, he was in charge of the metropolitan police. Another man called George Canning assisted economic recovery, made Britain the first to recognise the independent states and  Frederick Robison and William Huskisson both believed in trade and wanted people to be maintain good lives for themselves, therefore encouraged people to indulge in trade.

However you could argue making their decisions as a government were weak. In the early 1820’s free trade encouraged many people to make their own living. Nonetheless, the navigations Act was passed in 1822 landing the economy in ruins because of trade, this put a barrier against people trying to import goods to other country and stocks being imported back to Britain. People lost out on their profit and discontent spread. The Corn Laws which were enforced in 1815 meant that people who did involve themselves in trade were allowed to keep the profits they made.

Following the death of Lord Liverpool in 1828, there was much emphasis placed upon the Corn laws which kept the working class people more satisfied as prices dropped and people were able to fend for themselves, and buy essentials that they needed. The liberal Tories took a chance and tried to understand how people were feeling and why they were so against them. The Liberal Tories proved their understanding side by making working conditions for people better and made the age for children to work higher, so they could have an education.

As Robert Peel, leader of the metropolitan police, realised many people were now happier about the conditions their life was generally like they then realised crime rates dropped dramatically therefore another reform was enforced. Peel introduced the reform of the penal code and this enabled people to become more civilised with the government. It also meant that execution was removed and people were given punishments that were appropriate for the crime they committed. There was less crime this highlights that there was not as much rebellion against the government. The execution was not removed but was not given out so harshly, only for more relevant crimes.. explain that instead of execution the criminals where mainly seant to australia, which was used like a dumping ground meaning he was ignoring and just abolishing problems instead of solving them, explain what he could have done instead.

How liberal were the liberal tory reforms 1822-1829?chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />

The Liberal Tories were quite liberal. There was 4 members which contributed to the construction of the Liberal Tories and these were Robert Peel, he was in charge of the metropolitan police. Another man called George Canning assisted economic recovery, made Britain the first to recognise the independent states and  Frederick Robison and William Huskisson both believed in trade and wanted people to be maintain good lives for themselves, therefore encouraged people to indulge in trade.

However you could argue making their decisions as a government were weak. In the early 1820’s free trade encouraged many people to make their own living. Nonetheless, the navigations Act was passed in 1822 landing the economy in ruins because of trade, this put a barrier against people trying to import goods to other country and stocks being imported back to Britain. People lost out on their profit and discontent spread. The Corn Laws which were enforced in 1815 meant that people who did involve themselves in trade were allowed to keep the profits they made.

Following the death of Lord Liverpool in 1828, there was much emphasis placed upon the Corn laws which kept the working class people more satisfied as prices dropped and people were able to fend for themselves, and buy essentials that they needed. The liberal Tories took a chance and tried to understand how people were feeling and why they were so against them. The Liberal Tories proved their understanding side by making working conditions for people better and made the age for children to work higher, so they could have an education.

As Robert Peel, leader of the metropolitan police, realised many people were now happier about the conditions their life was generally like they then realised crime rates dropped dramatically therefore another reform was enforced. Peel introduced the reform of the penal code and this enabled people to become more civilised with the government. It also meant that execution was removed and people were given punishments that were appropriate for the crime they committed. There was less crime this highlights that there was not as much rebellion against the government.

Trade unions were a way that people could keep each other informed about certain aspects of event which benefited them – the working class and the upper class. Trade unions became banned as there was too many of them and this caused the government chaos to deal with therefore their resolution was to no longer tolerate it and banned in 1825.

The catholic emancipation act was very liberal of the liberal Tories and this was because this granted freedom for the Roman Catholics from discrimination. Catholicism was looked upon negatively and they were not allowed to uphold a position in parliament, the catholic emancipation act enabled the Irish Catholics to buy land and hold positions within the government, do religious things which were thought to be wrong. The law enabled many Irish Catholics to be more satisfied therefore civilised. Giving rights to the catholic was seen as betrayal and this was a step in improvement however it was looked upon negatively. This was also not fair as not all the members of the parliament agree to passing this law therefore it created discontent within the government.

In conclusion, yes, the Liberal Tories were liberal in some aspects as they did try to understand what the working-class people and the upper-class people wanted. The government tried to make as many people happy as they could and this was an improvement to the government than in 1815-1822 because they did not take in to consideration people needs and dealt with the mayhem which ended in more frustration for protestors. However, individually they all contributed aspects of what they thought life should be like and as individuals their opinions were stronger to prove this was, Robert Peel and the Metropolitan police and there was George Canning who identified they needed to make people feel better about life. Then, there was also William Huskisson and Frederick Robison who made people take charge of their own lives and it represented freedom as they were their own boss and they were satisfied because they had no one else to blame as they are working for themselves. However their government decisions were weak and it meant not everyone agreed.

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12T

History practice assessment

How liberal were the liberal Tories (1822-1929)?

To start with, the liberal Tories were only quite liberal due to reasons associating with the distinction between whether or not the reforms were in fact liberal or efficient. In addition, Lord Liverpool, still prime minister at the time of liberal reforms, rebuilt his cabinet by finding new people to fill in important positions within the government. Unlike the years 1815-1822, Lord Liverpool took a different approach to how the government was to be run and how situations would be dealt with. Lord Liverpool’s finding of the following people made a momentum difference to how society was handled and improved the liberality of Britain: George Canning (of who assisted Lord Liverpool with the need of change and introduction of liberal reforms), William Huskisson, Frederick ‘prosperity’ Robinson and Robert peel.

Firstly, George Canning was foreign secretary of the cabinet and made an effective contribution to the recovery of the economy. He did this by achieving access into profitable markets located in South America in such countries like Buenos Aires, Mexico and Colombia. By recognising these three independent states, Canning was able to gain a trading advantage with them of which entitled the growth of economic prosperity in Britain to rise and increase the wealth of both the working classes and aristocracy societies. George canning was successful within this decision and recovery of the economy upon various other solutions he found to specific problems. For instance, due to his secured position of foreign secretary, canning was able to implement new reforms and ideas associated with other countries of which not only benefited him and his life, but also benefitted the lower, middle and upper classes.

At one point between 1822 and 1829, canning supported and assisted in the campaign of the abolition of slavery.  This accentuates his liberality as stopping slavery just goes to show how selfless his ideas and decisions were. By abolishing slavery, it gave those who were once slaves the freedom to become who they want to be and start working proper jobs rather than suffering at the feet of those who over-ruled them as individuals. Not only did his support in the campaign support the slaves themselves, but it also surprisingly supported the upper classes and aristocrats. This is because in the 1800s taxes were put on slaves of whom the upper classes had to try and keep up with and pay in order to keep the slaves. By abolishing slavery, the rich sectors of society were able to save money and use it for other purposes. To summarise the case of George Canning and his reforms, he was very successful. The reason behind this judgment is that he was an individual by which means his ideas were his own; they were original. Just this conclusion is enough to show that he was in fact a liberal tory and did not just make economic enhancing reforms or ideas simply for efficiency. Moreover, his actions were liberal as they aided in the start of great economic prosperity of which greatly benefited the economy by increasing the wealth of Britain. An example of enhanced economic prosperity would be a man named Frederick Robinson.

To start with, Frederick Robinson, also known as Frederick ‘prosperity ‘Robinson or ‘Goody’ increased the economies prosperity as hinted at within his nickname. Frederick Robinson entered the cabinet as the President of The Board of Trade. He was also made Chancellor of the Exchequer in which is the term given to a royal or national treasury of which were responsible for the funds of the British government. The main contributions Robinson made to the increase the prosperity of Britain was the introduction of four main reforms all associated with the reduction of taxes put onto a variety of much needed necessities  essential to a standard life in Britain. His first reform was conducted in 1823 whereby Robinson reduced or even repealed the taxes put on carriages and servants. However, one may argue that a disadvantage of this reform was that it mainly was to an advantage towards the richest of people as they were the classes who were accessible to the pleasure of affording patients. The second reform was conducted in 1824 of which Robinson eased the tax burden on the poor by cancelling various taxes put on essential commodities including coal, wool, and rum. This benefited the poor working classes both in the sense of living and working conditions. His third reform conducted in 1825 improved the lives of working classes. This is because he cancelled the house and window taxes that were put on the smaller houses. By doing this, Robinson increased the likelihood of those living in smaller houses to be able to afford them and remain living there, lowering their chances of living on the harsh streets, in poverty due to not being able to pay their taxes. In addition, his reduced tax reforms enabled economic prosperity to progress even more, enhancing the increase of economic prosperity provided by George Canning.

However, not all the liberal Tories came up with ideas that were based mainly on liberality. Unlike the reforms conducted by Canning and Robinson of which were liberal and benefitted society on a personal level, a particular tory named Robert Peel conducted reforms of which were thought to be liberal, but with deeper research turned out to be based more on efficiency.

Robert Peel of who was home secretary within the cabinet conducted reforms known as penal reforms of which are associated with the organisation of crime and imprisonment, and penal meaning the punishment of offenders and criminals under the legal system. The main aim of Robert peel was to conduct reforms and make the English law more humane and more efficient. His idea of improving efficiency was based on the pressure upon him received by humanitarians such as Elizabeth Fry and John Howard who both believed that there was a need for a more efficient system.

Peels reforms included the ‘reform of the penal code’ conducted in the years 1824-1826. It is in this particular reform that Peel demanded for the abolishment of the death penalty for the majority of crimes especially petty crimes of which a simple warning would do rather than death. As well as that, over 100 crime offences were removed, of which made the system more humane. Also, the reform of the penal code ensured that crime would reduce due to appropriate actions being taken to deal with certain crimes and suitable punishment put into place. The abolishment of the death penalty was efficient and more humane, as it increased mannerism and civilised behaviour within society.